Elephant population responses to increased density in Kruger National Park

The elephant population in the Kruger National Park (KNP) has been increasing since cessation of culling mid-1990s. This contrasts with recent trends populations many parts Africa where poaching continues to decrease numbers. Logistic growth theory predicts that increased competition for vital resources when densities increase should serve constrain growth, implying a negative density-growth correlation. We tested this prediction using 28 years census data investigate how KNP’s responds density from period 1985 2012. expected spatially variable pattern response distribution park and thus classified into zones low, medium or high long-term (28 years) average, dry-season density. Zones were named ‘peripheral’, ‘semi-peripheral’ ‘core’ zones, respectively, represent proxies resource availability herds. Using Stochastic Ricker model, we presence density-dependence core versus peripheral zones. In response, only detected density-dependent zone. Overall grew at 4.1% per year, coupled local recruitment rates over time, particularly These support previous observations homogenisation across KNP landscapes. Conservation implications: Density-dependent changes are scale-dependent (local vs. level). Only areas show signs growth. Overall, distributions elephants homogenising KNP. authorities monitor impact such landscape heterogeneity. spatial variation correlation, especially between can be considered developing effective strategies manage population.